However, cardiovascular disease (CVD) also frequently is associated with CKD, which is important because individuals with CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to develop ESRD ( 1).
ESRD that requires treatment with dialysis or transplantation is the most visible outcome of CKD. There is a rising incidence and prevalence of ESRD, with poor outcome and high cost. The purpose of this review is to show the importance of PP on cardiovascular risk in patients with CKD, including kidney transplant recipients.Ĭhronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. Several studies have shown that PP is a reliable prognostic factor for mortality and CVD in patients who have CKD and are on hemodialysis and in renal transplant patients. The burden of hypertension is present at all stages of CKD. Most of the traditional CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in CKD, and several nontraditional factors also are associated with atherosclerosis in CKD. This holds true for all stages of kidney disease, including ESRD that requires renal replacement therapy. The progression of kidney disease and its associated cardiovascular complications are the major causes of morbidity and mortality.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. Increasingly, PP is recognized as an independent predictor of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and cardiovascular death, even in hypertensive patients who undergo successful antihypertensive drug therapy, especially in older individuals. PP reflects stiffness of the large arteries and increases with age. Systolic BP seems to be a more important factor than diastolic BP on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in older patients. Recently published prospective studies have focus on systolic and pulse pressure (PP). Epidemiologic studies have emphasized the close relationship between high BP and cardiovascular disease (CVD).